What is the difference between cytosine and cytidine?

What is Cytosine?

Cytocine is a pyrimidine base. It pairs with guanine to form three hydrogen bonds and is an essential part of both DNA and RNA. It was first named and discovered by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in the year 1894 from calf thymus tissues. Later it was synthesized in the laboratory in the year 1903. Cytosine API is available as a generic substance as the patent for its manufacturing has expired. 

• Definition

Cytosine, a nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA, is a derivative of pyrimidine with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached at positions 4 and 2.

Chemical & physical features 

• IUPAC name:6-amino-1H-pyrimidin-2-one

• Synonyms: 4-Amino-2-hydroxypyrimidine, 2(1H)-Pyrimidinone, 4-amino-, Cytosinimine

• CAS: 71-30-7

• Molecular formula: C4H5N3O

• Molecular weight: 111.10

• Form: Crystalline Powder

• Color: White to slightly yellow

• Solubility: soluble in water and 0.5 M HCL

• Trade names/brand names

• Cytosar-U (as cytosine arabinoside)

• Tarabine PFS (as cytosine arabinoside)

• Cytarabine (as cytosine arabinoside)

What are 4 base pairs of DNA?

Base pairs are an essential unit of double-stranded nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. A DNA is formed when two bases make bonds to form a structure that can be described as the "rung of the DNA ladder". The 4 bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or thymine (T) form these bonds. Adenine always forms a pair with thymine and cytosine forms a pair with guanine. The bases attach through hydrogen bonds. Adenine forms two bonds with thymine and cytosine forms three bonds with guanine. So, the base pairs are always A-T and C-G.

• Cytosine forms and specifications
  

Cytosine API comes in one form and specification usually, which is as follows:

• Cytosine API powder 99%
  

Cytosine API powder with 99% purity comes in the form of white powder that can be used in a variety of fashions to manufacture other drugs, medications, and other products used in pesticides. The high purity of the API allows it to serve as a worthy raw material. The cytosine Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient(s) or APIs are available in multiple specifications like cytosine sodium or cytosine arabinoside etc. These APIs can be used effectively to produce products of your choice. 

Cytosine deamination

It is a spontaneous event in which a hydrolysis reaction converts cytosine into uracil. The byproduct of the reaction process is ammonia. The process uses bisulfate in vitro. This property is what has allowed scientists over the years to sequence and study the methylated DNA to differentiate between methylated cytosine and non-methylated cytosine. During the deamination process, the amino group is removed from the cytosine. This reaction is dangerous for genetic stability as it can cause transition mutation. It is corrected by DNA repair machinery in living beings such as humans.

Mechanism of action of Cytosine

Cytosine is not used as itself for any treatments but serves as an intermediate to manufacture other drugs such as cytarabine which is a cytosine arabinoside. Cytarabine is a common chemotherapy medication that was later added to the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines. Cytarabine works by interfering with the synthesis of DNA. It does so by rapidly converting into cytosine arabinoside triphosphate, which causes DNA damage during the S phase of the cell cycle. 

Cytosine manufacturing process

The process by which cytosine is manufactured is simplified into few steps. First, urea and alkoxide are reacted together. Afterward, they are separated from the solvent. This is followed by a reaction with alkoxyacrylonitriles or dialkoxypropionitriles. 

Cytosine Uses

Cytosine may have many uses in the health and pharmaceutical industry. 

• DNA & RNA
  

It is an essential part of the DNA and RNA present in living beings. Due to its significance, it can be deemed essential for human survival. If measured to quantify its importance, it has been established that cytosine actually can be anywhere from 15 to 30 percent of the DNA or RNA sample, depending on the composition of other bases. 

• Intermediates to API drugs
  

Cytosine nucleotides and nucleosides can be used in several drugs to boost white blood cells. It also has an important role to play as an intermediate in pesticides, other medicines, other APIs, and fine chemicals it is often used to manufacture anti-hepatitis and anti-AIDS drugs along with several anti-cancer drugs. 

Cytosine API price

Cytosine API is available around the world at different prices and specifications. The average price of cytosine API depends on several factors like purity, quality, etc., but the average price is estimated to be 350 to 500 USD/KG. 

Cytosine sodium API manufacturers in China

If you are looking to buy top-quality cytosine sodium pharmaceutical API manufacturers from China, you can swift through a catalog of hundreds of such suppliers at Pharmasources.com. 

Here are some of the leading producers of cytosine sodium API in China, according to pharmasources:

• Zenji Pharmaceuticals (Suzhou) Ltd.
  

The company is at the forefront of drug research, development, and manufacturing. They provide APIs for generic drugs such as cytosine sodium. 

• Henan Julong Biological Engineering Co., Ltd.
  

Henan Julong Biological Engineering Co., Ltd is a company that specializes in the production of high-tech components for biological manufacturing like amino acids for deep processing. Henan Julong is known to produce very high-rated cytosine sodium API in China. 

• Xinxiang Tuoxin Biochemical Technology & Science Co., Ltd.
  

It is one of the leading producers of cytosine sodium API and provides the biological components at premium wholesale rates. 

FAQs

• What is the structure of the cytosine base after catalysis by dnmt3a?

Enzyme dnmt3a is a de novo methyltransferase that targets cytosine. It transfers the methyl group to the unmethylated cytosine. 

• What are the 4 bases of DNA?
  

The four bases of DNA are adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T).

• What is the difference between cytosine and cytidine?
  

Cytosine is a base and a component of cytidine. Cytosine bonds with a ribose ring via a β-N1-glycosidic bond to form cytidine. Cytidine is a vital part of RNA. 

• What does cytosine pair with?

Cytosine always pairs with guanine, whether it is in DNA or RNA. It makes three hydrogen bonds with guanine. 

References

• https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/cytosine#section=ATR-IR-Spectra

• http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k90735d/f437.image.langEN

• https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Base-Pair

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3262930/

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17938268/

• https://patents.google.com/patent/DE3434142A1/en

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6761569/